Essay Removal - 837 Words

History is the unfinished book of past mistakes, misjudgments, wrong doings, accomplishments, great feats, and above all a written document of mans creation and survival. Within the text of this book you will see wrong, right, justified, and unjustified actions carried out by all man kind. The removal of the Cherokee nation in 1838-1839 is one of the worst affairs ever carried out by the American government. As no one can deny that this event is a terrible atrocity, the question however of if it is justified is an issue to be thought of separately. Debated by historians still today, the Cherokee Removal act under the Jacksonian administration was one of the greatest horrors ever to be justified in American history. In 1828†¦show more content†¦Uprooting a Nation and relocating them eight hundred miles from the place these people have called home is an evil of extreme magnitude. It is undeniable that this act of Indian Removal was a terrible thing to do, yet history is lettered with bad choices, hurt feelings, and inhumane acts. When the choice was made by Jackson to relocate the Cherokee, and other civilized tribes, there were many factors that played into that decision. The nation was still a baby when Jackson became president. Having only had seven presidents to precede Jackson, the Government was still in the process of forming. The looses confederation we called a nation at that time was desperately trying to hold on to the states that it was forming up around. The need for the Government to have the control over its states, and still allow them to function on there owns was a balance issue that remains in society even today. The Cherokee Nation threatened this very idea. Residing with in the Application Mountains, and mainly the Georgia area, this nation upset the balance the Government was striving for. The Cherokee nation had their own Government system, with a two house legislation, and a supreme court. The Cherokees established New Echota in their Georgia lands as the capital. A separate nation within the bounds of another nations state! How was this to be taken? Was Georgia or the American GovernmentShow MoreRelatedLaser Hair Remo val670 Words   |  3 PagesLaser Hair Removal There is something almost unnerving about constantly having to shave, pluck, and wax unwanted hair from your body. It is a waste of time when you consider that the hair always grows back, forcing you to go through the entire process again. Unwanted hair is one of the most common problems we see at the Center for Dermatology and Cosmetic Laser Surgery. Fortunately, laser hair removal can eliminate the problem once and for all. Our patients from McKinney, Plano, Flower Mound, andRead MoreMountain Top Removal1683 Words   |  7 PagesMountaintop Removal: Critical fuel source or environmental antagonists? 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Milton’s Hero A Feminist Eve Essay - 2039 Words

Gender equality, a relatively recent development, did not exist socially in John Milton’s time. Women in the 17th century were regarded and treated as second-rate, as men’s enjoyable, beautiful, yet rather inconsequential, subordinates. A cursory reading of Paradise Lost may suggest that Milton shares the idea of the male sex’s supremacy; he preserves the Biblical construction of the Garden of Eden as a decidedly chauvinistic stage and instills in his characters a collective assessment that manhood surpasses womanhood by way of strength, virtue, and intellect. However, by analyzing the language used to describe Eve and her actions, it becomes apparent that Eve’s frustration at her lack of independence mirrors Milton’s own personal unrest†¦show more content†¦He resists change—even a positive change—in an effort to preserve the familiar, secure routine which benefits him and keeps Eve secondary. He does not believe that Eve can function independently or overcome risks and temptations away from his allegedly advanced comprehension and supervision. Adam’s statement that a wife is â€Å"safest and seemliest† (IX 268) when with her husband reflects the attitude of 17th century society: women are helpless and endangered without men, and they need their husbands’ guidance. These same â€Å"chauvinistic and incorrect† ideals are shown in Paradise Lost yet the â€Å"attitudes that are in the poem that show Eve to be of a weak character are to be satirized, and criticized,† not taken seriously as Milton’s own opinion (Medici). Diane Kelsey McColley declares that â€Å"far from being Milton’s ‘own voice,’ Adam’s diatribes†¦epitomize stale antifeminine commonplaces still lingering in Milton’s lifetime† (McColley 24). Milton does not present his personal point of view in Adam’s outlook, but rather includes the position as à ¢â‚¬Å"a useful guide to the perverse response we are not to make† (McColley 34) in order to denounce the narrow-minded ideas and inspire readers to challenge them. Although she truly does wish for efficiency, Eve has an additional, latent motive behind her plan to work individually. She states that if theyShow MoreRelated Essay on Shelleys Frankenstein and Miltons Paradise Lost3164 Words   |  13 PagesShelleys Frankenstein and Miltons Paradise Lost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even upon first glance, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and John Miltons Paradise Lost seem to have a complex relationship, which is discernible only in fractions at a time.   Frankenstein is Mary Shelleys reaction to John Miltons epic poem, in which he wrote the Creation myth as we perceive it today.   His characterizations of Adam and Eve and the interactions of Satan and God and the impending Fall seem to have almost taken a Biblical proportionRead MoreParadise Lost By John Milton2137 Words   |  9 PagesIt could be said that the â€Å"paradise† that was lost in Paradise Lost was the equality of man and woman. In John Milton’s, Paradise Lost, Milton gives a fictional, inside look of the fall from grace. He explains the events that led up to the fall, the thoughts and inner workings of God and Satan, and the crumbling of Adam and Eve and their seemingly perfect relationship. Milton proves how Adam’s blind devotion and Eve’s uncertainty of her own self cause humanity to fall. In doing so, Paradise LostRead MoreEssay on The Gothic Genre and What it Entails6177 Words   |  25 Pageswhere Gothic comes into its own. In Melmoth the monk Moncada admits he is what Leopold von Sacher Masoch called the cringing / the bottom. He says, Give me something to suffer, to undergo, to submit, and I become at once the hero of submission. (Maturin, 197). His evil companion is at pains to remind him, You are in my power. He even instructs him on becoming an amateur in suffering(208) (a phrase that cries out to be adopted into the vocabulary of Masoch)

Hamlet’s Emotions Free Essays

Stephanie Gaitan Mr. Kennedy ENG 3U1 23 November 2009 Emotions In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the main character Hamlet is seen as a very emotional person. His emotions change all the time throughout the play so he attempts to act crazy so nobody knows what’s going on with him. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet’s Emotions or any similar topic only for you Order Now When he acts crazy to hide his emotions, it affects everyone else but, Hamlet does not realize it. The emotions that he shows in the play are sorrow, anger and guilt. Hamlet shows sorrow after his fathers death, when his mother re married 2 months after the death of his father and he shows sorrow when he finds out that Ophelia died. In the beginning of the play, you see Hamlet as the only one still grieving over his father while everyone else enjoys the ceremony. The king and Queen do not like him grieving so much so they try to tell Hamlet to move on from it because everyone dies. The Queen confronts Hamlet first and tells him to stop mourning over his father. â€Å"Good Hamlet, cast thy knighted colour off†¦ do not for ever with thy vailed lids/ Seek for thy noble father in the dust. † (1. 2. 69-72) She than tells him that everybody dies. â€Å"Thou know’st ‘tis common: all that lives must die/ Passing through nature to eternity. (1. 2. 73-74) After everybody leaves the ceremony in the castle, Hamlet is by himself and he talks about his father and how he was an excellent king, and he talks about how quickly his mother re married. â€Å"†¦ Within a month/ Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears/ Had left the flushing in her galled eyes,/ She married, O most wicked speed! † (1. 2. 155-158) Near the end of the play Hamlet finds out that Ophelia died. While hiding in the graveyard, he hears Laertes talking about her and how she will be an angel. Hamlet is shocked and says â€Å"What, the fair Ophelia! (5. 1. 230) Hamlet later comes out of hiding and talks about how much he loves Ophelia and how he would do anything for her. â€Å" I loved Ophelia. Forty-thousand brothers/ Could not with all their quantity of love/ Make up my sum. † (5. 1. 262-264) Therefore the Queens actions and death’s of his father and Ophelia bring sorrow to Hamlet. Hamlet shows anger when the ghost that looks like his father told him that Claudius killed him, when he talks to his mother about how wrong it was to move on so quickly and when Laertes chokes him at Ophelia’s funeral. In the beginning of the play Hamlet is told about the ghost that looks like his father so he follows it until they are both alone. The ghost tells Hamlet that his father was poisoned by his uncle. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard. / a serpent stung me; so the whole ear of Denmark/ Is by a forged process of my death†¦ The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/ Now wears his crown. † (1. 5. 40-45) Hamlets response is revenge. He gets angry and seeks revenge on his uncle. â€Å"Haste me know’t, that I with wings as swift/ As meditation or the thoughts of love/ May sweep to my revenge. (1. 5. 33-35) Also in the beginning, Hamlet talks about his mother in anger. He is angry about how quickly she forgot about his father and how quickly she could be with somebody else. â€Å"†¦ Heaven and earth! / Must I remember? Why, she would hang on him/ As is increase of appetite had grown/ By what it fed on; and yet within a month-/ Le t me not think on’t! Frailty, thy name is woman! † (1. 2. 144-148). Later on in the play Hamlet is alone with his mother and he points out that she is weak and she didn’t see the mistakes she made. †¦ What devil was’t/ That thus hath cozened you at hoodman-blind/ Eyes without feeling, feeling without sight,/ Ears without hands or eyes, smelling sans all,/ Or but a sickly part of one true sense/ Could not so mope. † (3. 4. 83. 88) Hamlet than talks about how his uncle is disgusting and his father was a better king. â€Å"Nay, but to live/ In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed,/ Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love/ Over that nasty sty! † (3. 4. 100-103) When Hamlet’s in the graveyard, he hides from the Queen, King and Laertes. He listens to that is going on and when Laertes talks about how much he’s grieving for Ophelia. Hamlet gets angry. He comes out of hiding and Laertes chokes him. Hamlet threatens Laertes by saying â€Å"Thou pray’st not well. / I prithee take thy fingers from my throat,/ For though I am not spleritive and ras,/ Yet have I in me something dangerous,/ Which let thy wisdom fear hold off thy hand. † (5. 1. 250-254) Therefore Gertrude, Claudius and Laertes’ actions bring anger to Hamlet. Hamlet shows quilt when he’s on the ship to England, when he apologizes to Laertes and when Horatio tries killing himself. When Hamlet is on the ship to England, he does to speak with the captain and he finds out why they are going to attack a small piece of Poland. When the captain tells Hamlet that they are doing it for honor he starts to feel guilty because he knows he wouldn’t do something like that and he starts to feel guilty about not killing Claudius yet. Hamlet talks to himself after talking to the captain and says, â€Å"†¦ Rightly to be great/ Is not to stir without great argument,/ But greatly to find quarrel in a straw/ When honor’s at the stake. How stand I then,/ That have a father killed , a mother stained,/ Excitements of my reason and my blood,/ And let all sleep, while to my shame I see/ The imminent death of twenty thousand men/ That, for a fantasy and trick of fame,/ Go to their graves like beds, fight for a plot. † (4. 4. 55-64) In the final scene, just before Hamlet and Laertes fight, the king comes and makes them hold hands. Hamlet turns to Laertes and gives him a big apology. â€Å"Give me your pardon, sir. I have done you wrong;/ But pardon’t as you are gentleman. This presence knows, and you must needs have heard,/ How I am punished with a sore distraction. / What I have done/ That might your nature, honor and exception/ Roughly awake, here I proclaim madness. † (5. 2. 216-222) Hamlet asks for forgiveness for everything wrong he has done to Laertes. He accepts his apology but he says â€Å"I am satisfied in nature,/ Whose motive in this case should stir me most/ To my revenge. † (5. 2. 235-237) At the very end of the play, most people die. Horatio finds out that Hamlet id dying so he tries killing himself by trying to get what’s left of the poison in the cup. Hamlet stops him and says â€Å"As thou’rt a man/ Give me the cup. Let go, by heaven I’ll have’t. / O god, Horatio, what a wounded name,/ Things standing thus unknown, shall I leave behind me. / If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart,/ Absent thee from felicity awhile,† (5. 2. 354-359) Therefore Laertes, Horatio and not being able to kill Claudius right away brings guilt to Hamlet. In conclusion Hamlet experiences a lot of emotions during the play that were mostly caused by the actions of others. If no one died, than Hamlet wouldn’t have the emotions of sorrow, anger and quilt, he would just be miserable. How to cite Hamlet’s Emotions, Papers

Cultural Impact Of Human Resource Practices On Job - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Impact Of Human Resource Practices On Job. Answer: Introduction Cross-cultural management method is conceptualized as a method of managing teams by considering the diverse work culture, preferences of the consumers, and the practices of the internationalized businesses. Karadjova-Stoev and Mujtaba (2016) implied that many of the organizations adopt innovative business practices or modify the current practices in order to take the active participation in the competitive business scenario. Therefore, it is essential for the companies to manage the cultural attributes of the diverse people. The case study highlights the scenario of establishment of the Euro Disneyland that had faced some of the cultural differences in different countries. The use of the Hofstede Cultural dimension would provide the differences identified between the cultural aspects of France and United States. The case study also reflects some of the considerable mistakes made by the company. Furthermore, the study would present the associated learning obtained from the case scenar io. Main Cultural Differences between France and US (Hofstede Cultural Dimensions) The case study explores the differences in cultural aspects between France and US that have the clear impact on the operational functionalities (Boga and Efeo?lu 2015). Hofstedes cultural dimension model is the applied framework that suggests the cultural significance of different countries. There are five major dimensions associated with this framework, which are as follows: Power Distance Individualism vs. Collectivism Masculinity vs. Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance Long-term orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation The cultural differences between France and US are shown below by considering these specific dimensions. Power Distance Power distance is conceptualized as the extent to which the less powerful members within the organizations expect that the power is equally distributed. France has scored considerably higher grade in this dimension that depicts that the power is distributed to the superior (Hofstede Insights 2017). The centralized power is visible in companies, government, and geographical distribution as well. On the contrary, United States scored lower in this dimension that has made the country famous fir the most individualistic culture in the world. Americans believe in liberty and justice for everyone. Individualism vs. Collectivism This dimension ensures the degree of independence maintained by the society among the members. In this dimension both the countries scored the higher grades (Menon 2014). Society is much concerned about their individual needs and one should take care of oneself and own family. The individualism traits are equally shown in these two countries. Masculinity vs. Femininity Generating high score in masculinity depicts that the society is majorly driven by the achievement, competition, and success whereas femininity indicates the dominant values and the care for others (Pouliagkos 2017). In United States, people are more likely maintaining the masculinity traits that create impacts on the individual mentalities. On the other hand, France highlights more of the feminine culture, which has influenced the welfare system in a commendable manner. Therefore, the differences between these two countries in this specific dimension are clearly visible. Uncertainty Avoidance The dimension of the uncertainty avoidance portrays the method utilize by the society to deal with the consequences in future. US have scored average in this dimension as the Americans are sometimes preparing themselves to face the future consequences (Hofstede Insights 2017). They are more likely concerning about their behaviour that may create impact on the cultural aspects. On the other hand, French culture is visible scoring higher in this dimension. People belong to French culture believe in making a structured plan and do not like surprises. Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation This dimension highlights the judgments of the people in present by recalling the past experiences. It has been observed that the Americans are prone to exploring innovative ideas and try out new experiences even though they are not considered as so much practical. French people reflect the opposite traits by being much pragmatic. They have the belief that the truth depends on the context, situation, and time. They are thus more likely adopting the traditional activities to deal with the situations. Trompenaars Research on Cultural Differences As per the Trompenaars research, the corporate culture is classified into four different kinds, such as Eiffel Tower, the family, the incubator, and the guided missile. These dimensions are used for distinguishing different corporate cultures that are depending on the people-centric scenario and equally-hierarchy based work structure. It has been observed that the corporate culture of America is based on the task-oriented situations. The employees need to maintain the fixed schedule with the high efficiency level. The employers seek loyalty from the employees since they are more concerned about the outcome (Tesler-Mab 2017). On the other hand, the corporate culture of France does not follow the systematic terms of the actual corporate culture. It is notable that the French companies do not provide the employees the complete rule book that is needed to be followed while performing the organisational functionalities (Shi 2016). The accurate scenario would have contributed towards earni ng more profitable amount in a competitive landscape. However, the lack of systematic and sequential operational plan created this mess that impacted negatively on the business profits. However, the employees always have the clarified concept of the functions that are needed to be undertaken. It thus highlights the efficient and flexible work structure that is essential for developing the employee loyalty. This innovative procedure is quite significant for the longer run (Grayson et al. 2017). In fact, the French companies can attract more humans by paying more attention. The process creates more relaxed and harmonious work ambience, which is quite motivating for the employees. Recognizable Mistakes in the Case The major focus of Euro Disney was the financial aspects and population more than the target market and the underlying culture differences. The idea obtained from the case scenario reflects that Euro Disney theme park was established in Central Europe where the population is comparatively higher (Firoz, Rami and Yau 2015). It is noticed that every country maintains the individualism, different cultural background, and it is essential to consider this cultural aspect at the very first place. Most effective errors were found in managing the operational activities. For instance, Disney did not realize that Friday is the hectic day for the Americans more than Monday. It was assumed that the days will be the same due to which they started allocating the staffs accordingly. Eventually, the idea led the company towards loss. Another mistake was found in staffing and training the recruited associates. It was noticed that the company required hiring almost 12,000 cast members, which was a greater challenge. Most of the problem was faced by Disney since the cast members were more like a theatre troupe (Vitell et al. 2016). It was quite difficult to train the cast members after hiring them. The human resource training was important for these members that included the knowledge regarding the job requirements. It was even quite tough to put the Disney Smile, wearing the proper dress code that was a well-scrubbed and rigid. The defined style was quite difficult to adopt for all the members associated with the Disney land. European employees thus faced the challenging scenario to adopt the defined American look. In fact, they could not adhere to the American look since they felt it was against their individualism. The accurate scenario would have contributed towards earning more profitable amount in a competitiv e landscape (Hudson et al. 2016). However, the lack of systematic and sequential operational plan created this mess that impacted negatively on the business profits. Another mistake Disney committed when he tried imposing the different rules to the European employees. It was necessary to judge whether he decision would hamper their performance and satisfaction level or not. The errors made in the operational activities affected the attendance and performance parameter of the employees in a recognizable way. For instance, the employees did not serve alcohol that made the French customers astonished for a moment. They even made errors in serving the breakfast. Their assumptions determined that the customers would not ask for the breakfast that made the customers more furious. It was necessary for Disney to conduct the extensive market research about the cultural behaviour of the customers. It was even important to note down the preferences of the customers before structuring the operational activities. Lessons should have learned for dealing with the diversity Before structuring any project work, it is always necessary to make the systematic plan that helps in conducting the business appropriately. However, the case scenario reflects that Euro Disney somewhat failed to categorize the sequential steps that were needed to be taken into considerations (Gentina et al. 2014). In fact, it was recognized that Disney forced to establish the Theme Park for earning easy money. It somewhat failed to look into the broader aspect. The following lessons were needed to be learned by the company more precisely. Extensive Market Research While planning of establishing the business entity in a place surrounded by the people with the cultural differences, it is always necessary to develop the extensive market research. In fact, gathering the sufficient information about the new country is the initial step that is needed to be considered before entering a new market (Rufn et al. 2016). It is noticed that every country maintains the individualism, different cultural background, and it is essential to consider this cultural aspect at the very first place. However, in this case scenario, it is quite clarified that Disney failed to conduct the extensive market research on the cultural preferences of the potential customers. If Disney would have conducted the proper market analysis, the company would have been able to deal with the diverse cultural traits accordingly. Development of the Alternative Solutions Every business need to identify the potential risks that the business might face while conducting the entire operational activities in a country (Karin Andreassi et al. 2014). Accordingly, the formulation of the alternative plans is also necessary to deal with the crisis scenario. Unfortunately, in case of Euro Disney, there was no alternative plan. The success achieved in Japan made the company over confident with their abilities of attracting more customers. The company did not realize the necessary adjustments that were needed to make in order to serve the American and French customers in a satisfactory way (Warrick 2017). The realistic approach in gathering revenues was required while France was struggling with the recession. Especially, while dealing with the cultural differences between America and France, the considerable amendments were necessary. The Theme Park could make the monopoly business due to the uniqueness. However, the company concentrated on the providing the diff erent types of entertainments that could help in participating in the competitive scenario. Structured Operational Plan The extensive research on the population of America and France was also required. The company needed to be attentive towards the preferences, age, income rate, expectation level, and cultural values at the initial phase of preparing the business plan. The accurate scenario would have contributed towards earning more profitable amount in a competitive landscape. However, the lack of systematic and sequential operational plan created this mess that impacted negatively on the business profits (Arins 2017). Therefore, Disney should look after the use of the appropriate marketing tool, which channelize the business in a significant way. In addition to this, it would even help the company to know the customers and their cultural values to promote the long term sustainability. Conclusion The case scenario reflects on the challenges faced in the operational activities of Euro Disney in order to deal with the cultural differences between France and United States. In this study, the cultural differences between these two countries were highlighted by using the Hofstedes cultural dimensions. The different corporate culture creates the impact on the business functionalities. The success achieved in Japan made the company over confident with their abilities of attracting more customers. The errors in the operational activities created the negative impact on the organisational profitability. Moreover, it created the uncertainties that led towards dissatisfaction. The lack of extensive market research and the improper alternative plan developed the challenging scenario for the company. It is thus necessary for the company to collect the insightful knowledge about the cultural expectancy and the market preferences before establishing the business entity in a new country. References Arins, M.G.B., 2017. Here You Leave Today and Enter the World of Yesterday, Tomorrow, and Fantasy." An analysis of Disneyland Anaheim, Disneyland Paris, and Geert Hofstede's Dimensions of National Cultures. Boga, S. and Efeo?lu, I.E., 2015. A Case Study on Cross-Cultural Differences: A Failure Story. InHandbook of Research on Global Business Opportunities(pp. 492-531). IGI Global. Firoz, N.M., Ramin, T. and Yau, K., 2015. THE EURO: SUCCESS TO CRISIS.International Journal of Business Economics Perspectives,10(1). Gentina, E., Butori, R., Rose, G.M. and Bakir, A., 2014. How national culture impacts teenage shopping behavior: Comparing French and American consumers.Journal of Business Research,67(4), pp.464-470. Grayson, L.E., Grayson, L.E., Sheikholeslami, G., Sheikholeslami, G., Grayson, L.E., Grayson, L.E., Sheikholeslami, G., Sheikholeslami, G., Rubenstein, F. and Rubenstein, F., 2017. Euro Disney or Euro Disaster?.Darden Business Publishing Cases, pp.1-14. Hofstede Insights. (2017).Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights. [online] Available at: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/france,the-usa/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Hudson, S., Huang, L., Roth, M.S. and Madden, T.J., 2016. The influence of social media interactions on consumerbrand relationships: A three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors.International Journal of Research in Marketing,33(1), pp.27-41. Karadjova-Stoev, G. and Mujtaba, B.G., 2016. Strategic human resource management and global expansion lessons from the Euro disney challenges in France.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),15(3), p.79. Karin Andreassi, J., Lawter, L., Brockerhoff, M. and J. Rutigliano, P., 2014. The cultural impact of human resource practices on job satisfaction: a global study across 48 countries.Cross cultural management,21(1), pp.55-77. Menon, R., 2014. Global or glocal: the future course for strategy.Global Journal of Finance and Management,6(5), pp.427-432. Pouliagkos, V., 2017. Analysis of the global amusment industry. Rufn, R., Belanger, F., Molina, C.M., Carter, L. and Figueroa, J.C.S., 2016. A cross-cultural comparison of electronic government adoption in Spain and the USA.Technology Adoption and Social Issues: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, p.476. Shi, L., 2016. Advertising-Operations Interaction Effect on Promotion Success in the United States during the Early Stage of a Retailing Innovation.Journal of Promotion Management,22(6), pp.918-931. Tesler-Mab, H., 2017. A Mickey Mouse kind of Europe: representations of Europe at Walt Disney World.Journal of Contemporary European Studies,25(2), pp.197-210. Vitell, S.J., King, R.A., Howie, K., Toti, J.F., Albert, L., Hidalgo, E.R. and Yacout, O., 2016. Spirituality, moral identity, and consumer ethics: A multi-cultural study.Journal of Business Ethics,139(1), pp.147-160. Warrick, D.D., 2017. What leaders need to know about organizational culture.Business Horizons,60(3), pp.395-404.

11 Questions to Ask Yourself to Create Meaningful Work

11 Questions to Ask Yourself to Create Meaningful Work As you conduct your job search, are you clear about what type of work will be most meaningful for you while also meeting your financial requirements?   How about how the other aspects of your life impact your job search?   If you are looking for truly fulfilling work, you might benefit from the following exercise, offered by women’s life coach Britt Bolnick (www.InArmsCoaching.com ).   Answering some of her suggested questions will help you gain clarity about where you are and what you need. Note:   Some of you may remember my article, Top 10 Questions NOT to ask Yourself in Your Job Search. That advice still holds. If you are doing it alone, get some support! Britt reminds us, â€Å"You can create work and life situations that work FOR you, instead of trying to fit yourself into work that you feel you HAVE to be doing.† This message is a great one to remember. Here’s Britt’s exercise to get you thinking about what YOU want: Write down the following 11 (or more) items regarding what you’re looking for in your work situation. what you want the hours to be what kind of responsibilities you enjoy what you want your advancement opportunities to be what kind of money you want to be making (think BIG!) what types of benefits you’re looking for what kind of work environment you work best in (on your own, as part of a team, outdoors, in a structured office environment, etc.) how you want to feel in the work environment (challenged, appreciated, mentally or physically stimulated, etc.) how you want to feel in the morning when you wake up for work how you want to feel at the end of the day what kind of commute you want what type of people you want to work with Keep in mind: Knowing what you want makes it a lot more likely that you’ll find it! Britt is offering a two-month online group coaching opportunity, Your Manifesting Abundance Program (Your MAP), for women who want to cause a change in their work or life situations.   This program will help you as you step towards creating what you truly want in your life and identify the things that have been standing in your way.   And you will learn how to manage your time and energy in the process! This group starts Wednesday May 18th. If you’re interested in learning more, go to: Your Manifesting Abundance Program Category:Job SearchBy Brenda BernsteinMay 9, 2011

Economic loss in contract law Essays

Economic loss in contract law Essays Economic loss in contract law Essay Economic loss in contract law Essay In regard to the extract taken from Markensinis and Deakins Tort Law (5th Edition), from the writers comments we see that there is dispute on whether cases of pure economic loss in regard to compensation and damages, should be exclusive to the area of contract law instead of appearing in both the areas of contract law and tort law. We therefore must explore the similarities and differences between recovering damages and/or compensation in regard to pure economic loss in both tort and contract law. We must pose the question of whether we believe that tort law should allow cases of pure economic loss or whether it should remain exclusively in contract law. The definition for pure economic loss could simply be put as economic loss which is unaccompanied by physical injury or damage; it is also commonly known that pure economic loss is an umbrella term used to bring together various different policies regarding compensation, damages and loss. For a more in depth image of pure economic loss and how the courts approached cases for damages or compensation due to pure economic loss we must look at precedent cases and how pure economic loss is recovered in both divisions of law. In the law of tort there is a limited approach to pure economic loss which means that recovering for pure economic loss relies on there being a special relationship between the two parties it must be established by the claimant that in fact, there was a special relationship between themselves and the defendant. This approach is outlined in the case of Williams v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd [1998]1. In this case, it was held that the second defendant was not liable for the economic loss by Williams because he had acted through the company Natural Life Health Foods Ltd to advise the plaintiff and therefore did not have a special relationship with the claimant or did they have any personal contact with the second defendant. The House of Lords also found that due to the fact that there had not been any special relationship between the second defendant and the claimants that therefore the second defendant did not at any point express that he had held personal responsibility for their dealings. As we can see from that case the defendant did not have any assumption of personal responsibility towards the plaintiff or did they have any special relationship and therefore the claim for damages related to the pure economic loss of the plaintiff failed. In addition observe the case of Smith v Bush2 for a further example of the courts taking into consideration whether there was a special relationship between the plaintiff and defendant or a personal responsibility between the defendant and the claimant. In this case it is clear the disregard for the claimants financial safety in giving misinformation purposefully is obvious and the courts found that there was reliance and a special responsibility between the two parties. Due to this the claimant was successful as there was an assumption of a duty of care by the surveyors towards the plaintiff. In the law of tort, recovery of damages due to economic loss can also be made in cases of negligent misstatements a claimant seeking to recover damages must establish that the statement was made within a relationship and where the claimant could reasonably rely on the skill and care of the defendant in the statement3- in other terms, a special relationship should be established as is common within tortuous claims for damages due to pure economic loss. A precedent case of a tortuous claim due to negligent misstatements by the defendant would be Chaudhury v Prabhakar4 in which the defendant claimed to be a specialist in the field of motor cars and assisted his friend, Prabhakar, the claimant in purchasing a motor car his advice proved to be negligent. A relationship in this case was obvious. Chaudhury claimed to be a specialist in the field that Prabhakar had asked his advice Chaudhury accepted the request for assistance from the claimant and gave intentional misstatements and as a result Prabhakar suffered a pure economic loss. As we can see in the law of tort, a special relationship even in regard to negligent misstatements and an assumption of a duty of care must be evident in order for there to be a successful claim for compensation or damages due to pure economic loss through the actions or negligence of another. The most commonly cited aim of damages in the law of tort is to restore the claimant to the position he would have been in but for the tort5. The aim of contractual damages on the other hand is generally that of Parek B in Robinson v Harman (1848): the claimant is, so far as money can do it, to be placed in the same situation, with respect to damages, as if the contract had been performed. 6 In contract law, firstly and obviously, there must be a legally binding contract between the two parties. There must also be reliance by the claimant on the defendant to fulfil a promise or expectation outlined in the contract. For a claim in regard to pure economic loss the expectation interest of that plaintiff must be protected. The expectation interest is an amount close to or equal to the net value of what the plaintiff would have been in receipt of if the contract had been performed and not broken by the defence. An alternative to the expectation measure sometimes used in its place is the reliance measure which protects the plaintiffs reliance interest this is a measure which puts the plaintiff in a position which s/he would have been in had they not relied on the terms in the contract. In regard to both expectation and reliance damages being granted there must have been a action or rather lack of action from the defendant, which went in opposition to the terms of the contract between both parties, in order for the plaintiff to suffer a pure economic loss due to the expectation or reliance on the contractual obligations which went unfulfilled. A case which outlines the way in which contract law deals with pure economic loss would be CCC Films (London) Ltd. v Impact Quadrant Films Ltd. 7 The defendants granted the plaintiffs a licence to exploit, distribute and exhibit three films, the rights to which were owned by the defendants. The plaintiffs paid the agreed consideration of $12,000 for the licence and then requested the defendants to insure and send by recorded delivery to the plaintiffs nominee in Munich video tapes of the films, without which the plaintiffs were unable to market the films. In breach of the agreement for secure transmission of the tapes the defe ndants posted them uninsured by ordinary post in the course of which they were lost. The defendants also failed to perform subsequent agreements with the plaintiffs to deliver replacement tapes. The plaintiffs were unable to produce any evidence of loss of profits but instead brought an action in which they claimed to recover the $12,000 as wasted expenditure. The defendants contended that it was not open to the plaintiffs to claim for wasted expenditure save where the evidence established either that it was impossible to prove loss of profits or that such loss of profits as could be proved was small. Furthermore, the defendants, relying on the principle that a claim for wasted expenditure could not succeed if the plaintiffs returns, had the contract not been broken, would not have recouped that expenditure, contended that the onus was on the plaintiffs to prove that they would have recouped the expenditure and that the plaintiffs were only relieved of that onus of proof if the breach itself made it impossible to assess whether the returns would have been sufficient to recoup the expenditure. Neither the plaintiffs nor the defendants produced evidence whether the plaintiffs would or would not have recouped the $12,000 if they had been able to exploit the films. The issue therefore arose on whom the burden of proof lay. Since the onus of proving that the plaintiffs would not have recouped their outlay of $12,000 if they had received the tapes and exploited the films lay on the defendants, who had not discharged that burden, the plaintiffs were entitled to judgment. 8 Now we have covered both areas of law and what must be fulfilled in order to file a successful claim for damages or compensation in regard to pure economic loss, in both contract and tort law, we must look at the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners9. Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners was a groundbreaking case in that the decision by the House of Lords first recognised the possibility of liability for pure economic loss. The House of Lords recognised that a claim could be made for negligent statements instead of being dependent on contractual relationships, as it had been previously. This is where the argument arises between leaving the compensation of pure economic loss to contract law or allowing it to be a part of both tort and contract divisions of law. The Hedley Byrne case found that the plaintiff must prove that there was a liability was held as an assumption of responsibility to the claimant, a special relationship between the two parties or a relationship equivalent to contract. In Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners, Hedley Byrne (an advertising partnership) were about to undertake contracts with Easipower Ltd, one of Hellers client companies. Before taking out the contracts, Hedley Byrne decided to contact the bank of Heller Partners Ltd. in order to gain knowledge on the financial state of Easipower Ltd. Heller claimed the company were financially secure Hedley Byrne relied on this information and entered into a contract with Easipower Ltd. whom soon afterwards became bankrupt. Hedley Byrne filed a claim against Heller Partners for giving negligent and misleading information the court found in Hedley Byrnes favour claiming that there was a special relationship between the two parties as to create a duty of care but due to a disclaimer for Hellers actions there were no orders for damages. Prior to the Hedley Byrne case, negligent misstatements were lead by the case Derry v Peek10 Hedley Byrne revised this decision. Before Hedley Byrne, a person suffering from economic loss due to careless or negligent statements could sue in the tort of deceit. In Derry v Peek, Peek, the defendant, a director of the Plymouth, Devonport and District Tramways Co. Ltd, had the notion that he and the company were allowed to run their trams with steam power provided they had the permission from the Board of Trade. However, their permission was not granted and the company had prior to a decision being made issued a prospectus that declared they were running trams on steam rather than animal power on the belief they would be granted permission. Derry, the claimant, due to the representation of the company in the prospectus steam powered trams, had obtained shares in the company and sued the defendants for financial loss under the tort of deceit. However since there was no evidence proving that the defendants intentionally issued the prospectus knowing the information provided was false, the House of Lords held that they were not guilty under the tort of deceit. As it was in Derry v Peek, the difficulty in this was that the House of Lords held that the claimant must prove fraud to establish deceit. Meaning that the claimant must prove that the defendant knew that his or hers statement was untrue, malicious or reckless. The House of Lords held that sheer negligence was not sufficient. The House of Lords re-examined the precedence on careless statements, Derry v Peek was limited to its function of defining the tort of deceit and was held irrelevant to the issue of whether a duty of care was evident in negligence. Lord Devlin also held the non-existence of a contract was not relevant in the case of Hedley v Byrne, he said: a] promise given without consideration to perform a service cannot be enforced as a contract by the promisee, but if the service is in fact performed and done negligently the promisee can recover in an action in tort. 11 The House of Lords were not willing to identify a duty of care born from negligent statements on the foundations of the Donoghue v Stevenson12 neighbour principle alone. The House of Lords though, in protecting against a flood of cases, held tha t there was not a special relationship between Derry and Peek. A prospectus, like an advertisement in a newspaper, is open for all to see and therefore a special relationship cannot be formed from this instead the claimant must prove that the statement was made within a relationship where the plaintiff could reasonably rely on the skill and expertise of the defendant in making the statement. So rising from the Hedley Byrne case we can come up with three questions that may be considered in regard to negligent statements and a claim for pure economic loss: One, was there an assumption of responsibility for the claimant by the defendant? Two, was there a special relationship between the two parties? And three, was the relationship equivalent to a contract? If the answer to at least one of those questions is yes, then the claimant has a clear case for a recovery of damages or compensation. Where the case of Hedley Byrne gives the principle that one who makes a statement may voluntarily assume responsibility to the person they make it to if this statement is made negligently then he or she is liable for any damage which may occur because of their negligent statement/s. We must also though bear in mind the Caparo principles which have risen from the case of Caparo Industries PLC. v Dickman13. These principles question the scope of assumption of responsibility and what the limits of liability ought to be. The Caparo principles, four conditions outlined by the House of Lords which must be met for the defendant to be liable for economic loss resulting from negligent advice or information are. (1) The defendant must be fully aware of the nature of the transaction which the claimant had in contemplation as a result of receipt of the information. 2) He must have either communicated that information to the claimant directly, or know that it would be communicated to him (or a restricted class of persons of which the claimant is an identifiable member). (3) He must specifically anticipate that the claimant would properly and reasonably rely on that information when deciding whether or not to engage in the transaction in question. (4) The purpose for which th e claimant does rely on that information must be a purpose connected with interests that it is reasonable require the defendants to protect14. The case of Hedley Byrne had a major impact on the courts outlook on cases regarding tortuous and contractual claims for pure economic loss and brings us to the position we are in now in discussing whether the claims should be left to one division of law. What is clear, in my opinion, from my investigations into both pure economic losses being recovered in both contract and tort law is that they both have a reasonable claim for being an advocate of claims of compensation or damages for pure economic loss. What has been found is that in tort a relationship which is deemed special or equivalent to a contract must be in place otherwise a claim cannot be made whereas in contract a legally binding agreement is already in place. The difference being is that the claims in either law of tort and contract protect different interests of the defendant. In contract you will find that the defendants reliance and/or expectation of the contract are shown in the damages rewarded, if the court deem necessary of course. A claimants reliance or expectation which is not fulfilled, as stated it would be in the contract, will be rewarded with damages which cover the money they may have lost in one of two conditions: one, an amount close to or equal to the net value of what the plaintiff would have been in receipt of if the contract had been performed or two, placing the plaintiff in a position which s/he would have been in had they not relied on the terms in the contract. In tort though, compensation will be granted if the claimant has consequential economic loss because of the defendants actions or negligence. As long as there be a special relationship between the two parties or a relationship equivalent to a contract as was born from the case of Hedley Byrne then the claimant is likely to be successful. Now, if you look at both sides you will see they cover different interests and arise from various different scenarios this is something which has made me form an opinion that I believe this is what has been happening and how things should remain. 15

Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Safety - Essay Example ucating people regarding safety precautions and providing them with information and knowledge, ergonomics is a more hands-on practice in which professionals are required to use their skills to design an effective system to prevent high levels of risk for employees (Zacharatos, Julian, & Iverson, p. 91). I would prefer to work for the mining industry as I feel that this industry has more need for designing safety practices as the workers of this industry are succumbed to high levels of risk. Hence, practicing ergonomics for this industry would be highly effective and applicable. Q2. The presentation â€Å"Goal Setting for Young Professionals† has several important points that can be of significance when planning a career. One of the most important points that grasped my attention was the differentiation between a career and just a job. Hence, the presentation emphasized that a person should choose their career path wisely, and he should not just consider it a job, but should consider it a progressive stage of life that a person needs to excel in. Q3. Developing passion and purpose in your career is a vital component to success. In order to develop passion and purpose in your career, it is highly important to be interested in the field you work in and have vigor to continue working in that field permanently. Moreover, it is also highly essential to have a dream or set goals that you want to achieve which work as fuel for your passion and set out your purpose in your career (Salvandy, p. 88). Without setting appropriate goals and defining a career path, it is difficult for a person to have passion and purpose in their career as they are usually aiming for mediocrity. Moreover, without a specific purpose in your career, any path you are on is likely to be considered the right one. Choosing career paths that interest you or offer opportunities for growth, enhancement of skills, and learning opportunities are likely to be those in which you can develop passion and

GROUPS AND TEAMS IN AN ORGANIZATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GROUPS AND TEAMS IN AN ORGANIZATION - Essay Example According to Williams Institute, people believed that there are "right" and "wrong" choices. Coincidently, people make different choices with their personal ethical values. Williams Institute attempts to develop a program in which they assist people and guide them in the process of making ethical decisions. Groups and teams play a vital role in making an organization more productive and also it's concerned in the increase of output of the organization. In an organization it's a collection of individual's goal, objectives, efforts and staying united by interacting with each other and staying together until the task will not be accomplished. Sometimes teams or group would be made temporarily by the organization to achieve or accomplish some task or objective and after the completion of that task; those teams or groups are automatically obsolete. Effective team will not achieve any task if the members of the team don't know the strength and weaknesses of each other as well as the organization. If the teams and groups are nor united or share their skills and knowledge with each other while staying in the organization or performing their functions and activities for the organization that would play a negative role in firm's productivity and its success.

Content Area Instruction and SDAIE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Content Area Instruction and SDAIE - Essay Example Such equality, at learning institutions, can be tackled if educators offer well-designed assistance to their ELLs (Math Solutions, 2009). This paper will discuss the challenges English Language Learners face while trying to learn mathematics. A lot of educators share the misconception or myth that because mathematics applies a lot of symbols, then the subject is not associated or connected to any culture or language (Haynes, 2011). A majority of educators also supposed that mathematics is ideal for facilitating the changeover of recent immigrant learners into English instructions. To their disbelief, language has a significant role in learning mathematics. Educators apply language so as to explain mathematical ideas, as well as carry out mathematical procedures. When solving mathematical problems, students use specialized vocabulary such as subtraction, addition, sum and addend. Mathematics researchers have discovered that learners widen their math understanding through using languag e, as well as echoing on the concepts, which will cement their understanding. When students discuss their mathematical reasoning, it can assist them in improving their capability of reasoning logically (Haynes, 2011). The challenge or hurdle of teaching math to these ELLs lies not just in making mathematics comprehensible to the learners, but also in making sure that the learners have the language required to understand/interpret instructions. The challenge also lies in the fact that is it tedious to assist ELLs to express their understanding of mathematical concepts both in writing and orally (Math Solutions, 2009). English Language Learners have a duty of learning content, as well as English as a second language, at the same time. It is, therefore, difficult for them to understand both the content, as well as language objectives. Language can never occur if ELLs center only on subject matter, and same is the case for content knowledge. It can never occur if ELLs center only on und erstanding the English language. Another challenge that ELLs might face while studying mathematics is trying to understand unknown vocabulary. For instance, English Language Learners might become puzzled during a discussion or debate in case the math vocabulary has diverse meanings in its daily application. Such words include even, function and odd among others (Math Solutions, 2009). The ELLs might also be puzzled further than before when a similar math operation is signaled with various math terms for instance plus, and, add, sum or combine. A phrase such as "left" will be confusing to an ELL when used in a mathematical operation to ask how many individuals are "left". The ELL might confuse this left – remain – with the directional left. The phrases "whole" and "sum" also can create confusion since they carry nonmathematical homonyms – hole and some (Simmons, 2012). Another challenge is with a partial understanding of grammar and syntax. For instance, mathemat ical queries are frequently set in a language, which makes the problem difficult or unclear for the student. Such matter is explained below: John bought four bags of mangoes with eight mangoes in each bag. How many mangoes did John buy? The above problem employees both present and past participles of the irregular verb "to buy" in a single question. This might be difficult for an ELL to understand since they are not well in English. Another

Challenges In Web Information Retrieval Computer Science Essay

Challenges In Web Information Retrieval Computer Science Essay An overview of Information Retrieval is presented in this chapter. This defines the need of information retrieval. This discusses how the IR problem can be handled. It discusses about the model for efficient and intelligent retrieval. It briefly defines the major issues in information retrieval. It also discusses about the necessity of retrieval and the basis of the study for the motivation of the selection of search topic for dissertation requirements of information retrieval and how it can be used in the web searching. This discusses the user involvement in the retrieval model. This chapter also defines the numbers of approaches are proposed for the user, system and data for the efficient and intelligent retrieval. The different models are focuses on the organization and storing of the data/documents. This chapter defines the need of the retrieval system and also the proposed study in the direction of efficient and intelligent retrieval. The observations are properly explored with the particular emphasis on the necessities of the information retrieval. It is very surprising in a way the information is available in the world today. This leads to the explosion of information soon. The explosion is due to the availability of data and documents online. At the same time while searching and accessing a data/document is a problem. The digitalization is a basis where the ordinary man is involve in storing a huge amount of electronic data. An electronic data can be easily transmitted via email and easily disseminated on the web. The search can be applied on the stored text to require the relevant information on any topic and reuse it. The information explosion means there is too much relevant information readily available to meet the cognitive capacity, for that we will be finding a difficulty in defining the document relevant. Now it becomes necessary for information retrieval (IR) systems to employ intelligent techniques to provide effective access to such a huge amount of available information. Particularly with the emergence of the Worl d Wide Web, users have an access to such huge amount of documents. More and more information services such as new services; library and electronic mail etc are easily available. Things are becoming online in order to provide with a prompt access to the users. The, more textual information is available on web, due to increasing size of information sources has made it difficult for the people to find relevant textual documents. The information that reaches to the user does not match with his/her interest and merely end up with the overloading him/her. The users have to select manually the relevant information from the huge bundle of information. This makes an urge demand for more effective retrieval systems to perform the efficient and intelligent retrieval of data/documents. This research effort will capture the semantics and also integrate it in IR systems. This study will explore this idea by considering in two directions. Firstly, the efficiency of search results, that can be focu sed on the statistical methods. Secondly, the need to improve upon the relevance (in semantic sense and relevant technique) has to be satisfied. This will motivate you in the direction of attempt to improve upon the document storing and query representation. Also natural language processing (NLP) technique can help to segregate/classifies the data for the best use. A relevancy technique is used not only for the efficiency of retrieval but also judge intelligently for capturing the semantics in representation of matching and representation process. The research mainly in this area has to be focus broadly in two directions. Firstly, expanding the query entered in the better representation as per used needs and secondly, determining the relevant in the document urge to representation for improved the results. If the information of any document is lost then that can be recovered by using relevance assessment technique. The relevance cannot be judge only on the on the basis of term occurrence but it depends on the existing retrieval system lie on basic retrieval models such as boolean, standard vector and probabilistic that treat both documents and queries as a set of unrelated terms. These classical models have the advantage of being simple, scalable and computationally feasible, but they do not offer accurate and complete representation. Due to this ignorance in the present classical model, the role of semantic and relative information about the document in the retrieval process is important. It is difficult to identify useful do cuments simply on the basis of words used by the author of the document, as words may mean differently in different context, as pointed out in [Zrehen S, 2000]. It is impossible to retrieve all documents pertaining to a particular subject, because such documents do not share a common set of keywords and because current search engines may or may not address semantics or context. The work focuses mainly on the semantic techniques. However, building a complete semantic understanding of the text requires human-like processing of text and is beyond the scope of this work. The objective of this work is to classify documents as relevant and non-relevant with respect to a standing query with more accuracy and less overhead. A detailed and accurate semantic interpretation is not needed for this classification [Evans David A. Zhai C.,1996]. This fact distinguishes IR application from other NLP applications. The semantic knowledge needed to define the relevance of the document and that can be easily extracted from the text with respect to the author or user. This can be implemented by approach to the overlaying facility, which helps in dealing with the relationships issue, which is one of the most important factors in the design of information retrieval systems. These techniques allow the search and retrieval systems to involve in the improve document and/or query representation. It involves into the address document semantics .It not only improved the ranking of retrieved documents, further adapt queries based on relevance feedback and improve retrieval performance. Finally, producing the relationship between the fact that so much information is being produced and at such a rate that no single technique can offer remedy to all problems, we propose hybrid approach to information retrieval and also evaluate one such model. This will explore to both directions for the efficiency and intelligent retrieval. The realization of inadequacy of the current approaches of information retrieval, work focuses on investigating intelligent techniques t hat will help in retrieving information effectively. IR enables the programs for representation, comparison, and interaction methods to implement in the system result in effective performance. The techniques that improve these aspects i.e., the representation, comparison, or interaction, will lead to intelligent retrieval. The use of overlaying facility will be capturing the relationships between the different layers of data. This will cultivate to a hybrid model by applying the efficient and intelligent technique using hierarchical and semantics approach. To improve the efficacy of an IR system, we need a better understanding of the issues involved in information retrieval and problems associated with existing traditional information retrieval systems. The algorithm/application of these techniques can provide significant benefit. This exactly defines the scope of the work. In the rest of the chapter, we first discuss the issues involved and the problems associated with current approaches to information retrieval. And the motivation behind the retrieval is discussed. The proposed work for the information retrieval is studied thoroughly. This overview also serves as a summary of the core technical contributions of this work. It briefly reviews some of the previous research aiming at necessity of the work. Lastly, it describes the organization of the dissertation 1.2. Major issues in information retrieval There are a number of issues that are involved in the design and evaluation of IR systems some of them are discussed. The first important issue to address is to choose a representation of the document. Most of the human knowledge is coded in natural language. However, it is difficult to use natural language as knowledge representation language for computer systems. The current retrieval models are based on either keywords for search or author. This keyword representation creates problem during retrieval due to polysemy, homonymy and synonymy. Polysemy involves the phenomenon of a lexeme with multiple meaning. Keyword matching may not always include word sense matching [Justin Picard Jacques Savoy ,2000]. Homonymy is an ambiguity in which words that appear the same have unrelated meanings. Ambiguity makes it difficult for a computer to automatically determine the conceptual content of documents. Synonymy creates problem when a document is indexed with one term and the query contains a different term, and the two terms share a common meaning. The previous studies indicate that human beings tend to use different expressions to convey the same meaning [Blair D., Maron M., 1990]. The recent work in developing extensive lexicon is an attempt to improve the situation [Mittendorf E. ed. Al, 2000]. Traditional retrieval models ignore semantic and contextual information in the retrieval process [Judith P. Dick, 1992], [Ounis I. Huibers T,W.C. 1997]. This information is lost in the extraction of keywords from the text and can not be recovered by the retrieval algorithms. The improving IR demands an improved representation of text, which is very important. The related issue can look forward in characterization of queries by users. This is inappropriate in this case because of v agueness and inaccuracy of the users queries, say for instance, their lack of knowledge of the subject or the inherent vagueness of the natural language itself. The users may fail to include relevant terms in the query or may include irrelevant terms. Inappropriate or inaccurate query leads to poor retrieval performance. The problem of ill-specified query can be dealt with by modifying or expanding queries. An effective technique based on users interaction is the relevance feedback. This will Improve the representation of documents and/or queries is thus central to improving IR. In order to satisfy users request an IR system matches document representation with the query representation. How to match the representation of a query with that of the document is another issue. A number of similarity measures have been proposed to quantify the similarity between a query and the document to produce a ranked list of results. The selection of the appropriate similarity measure is a very cruc ial issue in the IR system design. The evaluation of the performance of IR systems is also one of the major issues in IR. There are many aspects of evaluation; most important being the effectiveness of an IR system. Recall and precision are the most widely used measures of effectiveness in IR community. As improving effectiveness in IR is the underlying theme for evaluating any technique and is one of the core issues in this work. The evaluation of the performance of IR systems relies on the notion of relevance. The relevance is subjective in nature [Saracevic T., 1991]. Only the user can tell the true relevance. This cannot be measure as it is based on user perception. However, it is not possible to measure this true relevance. One may define the degree of relevance. The relevance has been considered as a binary concept, whereas it is a continuous function (a document may be exactly what the user wants or it may be closely related). The current evaluation techniques do not support this continuity. The number of relevance frameworks has been proposed in [Saracevic T., 1996]. This includes the system, communication, psychological and situational frameworks. The most inclusive is the situational framework, which is based on the cognitive view of the information seeking process and considers the importance of situation, context, multi-dimensionality and time. A survey of relevance studies can be found in [Mizzaro S. ,1997]. Most of the evaluations of IR systems so far have been done on document test collections with known relevance judgments. The large size of document collections also complicates text retrieval. Further, users may have varying in need of documents. Some users require answers of limited scope, while others require documents having wide scope. These different needs can require that different and specialized retrieval methods be employed. The work attempts to handle some of these problems by proposing techniques. To improve representation of docume nts and queries and by incorporating new similarity measures. Information retrieval models based on these representations and similarity measures have been proposed and evaluated in this work. The another factor that decreases search engine usefulness is the dynamic nature of the Web, resulting in many dead links and out of date pages that have changed since indexed. But even accepting these factors, finding relevant information using Web search engines often fails. The document retrieval systems typically present search results in a ranked list, ordered by their estimated relevance to the query. The relevancy is estimated based on the similarity between the text of a document and the query. Such ranking schemes work well when users can formulate a well-defined query for their searches. However, users of Web search engines often formulate very short queries (70% are single word queries [Motro, 98]) that often retrieve large numbers of documents. Based on such a condensed representat ion of the users search interests, it is impossible for the search engine to identify the specific documents that are of interest to the users. Moreover, many webmasters now actively work to influence rankings. These problems are intensify when the users are unfamiliar with the topic they are querying about, when they are novices at performing searches, or when the search engines database contains a large number of documents. All these conditions commonly exist for Web search engine users. Therefore the vast majority of the retrieved documents are often of no interest to the user; such searches are termed low precision searches. The low precision of the Web search engines coupled with the ranked list presentation force users to examine through a large number of documents and make it hard for them to find the information they are looking for. As low precision Web searches are inevitable, tools must be provided to help users cope with (and make use of) these large document sets. Such tools should include means to easily browse through large sets of retrieved documents. 1.3 Necessity of present work The motivation for this research is to make search engine results easy to browse. The document classification algorithms attempt to group similar documents together. The Classification / Grouping the results of Web search engines can provide a powerful browsing tool. The automatic grouping of similar documents (document groups) a feasible method of presenting the results of Web search engines. 1.3.1 Classification: The document groups have initially been investigated in Information Retrieval mainly as a means of improving the performance of search engines by pre-clustering the entire corpus [Jardine and van Rijsbergen, 71]. The cluster hypothesis [van Rijsbergen, 79] stated that similar documents will tend to be relevant to the same queries, thus the automatic detection of clusters of similar documents can improve recall by effectively broadening a search request. However we are investigating classification as a means of browsing large retrieved document sets. We therefore need to slightly modify the group classification which suit to the domain. This can be attempted for user-class hypothesis is that users have a mental model of the topics and subtopics of the documents present in the result set; similar documents will tend to belong to the same category in the users model. Thus the automatic detection of clusters of similar documents can help the user in browsing the res ult set. The classification and the groups of the documents with respect to the author can help users in three ways: (1) it can allow them to find the information they are looking for more easily, (2) it can help them to realize faster that a query is poorly formulated (e.g., too general) and to reformulate it, and (3) it can reduces the fraction of the queries on which the user gives up before reaching the desired information. For example, if a user wishes to find salsa recipes on the Web, and performs a search using the query apple, only 10% of the returned documents will be related to apple recipes (the rest will relate to apple music, apple products that can be bought on the web and a software product called apple; many documents will have no apparent connection to apple at all). If we were to cluster the results, the user could find the group relating to apple recipes and thus save valuable browsing time. We have identified some key requirements for document clustering of searc h engine results. The support vector machine is used to implement such types of cluster techniques: 1) Coherent Clusters is the clustering algorithm should group similar documents together. 2) Efficiently browsable that the user needs to determine at a glance whether the contents of a cluster are of interest. Therefore, the system has to provide concise and accurate cluster descriptions. 3) Speed of the system should not introduce a substantial delay before displaying the results. 4) In preliminary experimentation carried out at the beginning of this study we found Web documents, and especially search engine snippets, to be poor candidates for classification because they are short and often poorly formatted. This led us to consider the use of phrases in the classification of search engine results, as they contain more information than simple words (information regarding proximity and order of words). The phrases have the equally important advantage of having a higher descriptive pow er (compared to single words). This is very important when attempting to describe the contents of a group to the user in a concise manner. The groups can be making with the keyword in respect to the subject and sub-subject or it can be in respect to the author or user. 1.3.2 Relevancy in documents: With respect to the clustering of the documents or users, they important study that is made for the retrieval is as follows. The search engines are extremely important to help users to find relevant retrieval of information on the World Wide Web. In order to give the best according to the needs of users, a search engine must find and filter the most relevant information matching a users query, and then present that information in a manner that makes the information most readily presentable to the user. The system is used to apply the technique and also work in between the user and the document to efficient retrieval the relevant document. Moreover, the task of information retrieval and presentation must be done in a scalable fashion to serve the hundreds of millions of user queries that are issued every day to a popular web search engines (Tomlin, 2003). In addressing the problem of Information Retrieval (IR) on the web, there are a number of challenges researchers are involved. Some of these challenges are dealt with and identified additional problems that may motivate future work in the IR research community. It also describes some work in these areas that has been conducted at various search engines. It begins by briefly outlining some of the issues or factors that arise in web information retrieval. The people/User relates to the system directly for the Information retrieval as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1.1 IR System Components. They are easy to compare fields with well-defined semantics to queries in order to find matches. For example the Records are easy to find-for example, bank database query. The semantics of the keywords also plays an important role, which is, send through the interface. System includes the interface of search engine servers, the databases and the indexing mechanism, which include the stemming techniques. The User defines the search strategy and also gives the requirement for searching .The documents available in www apply subject indexing, ranking and clustering (Herbach, 2001).The relevant matches are easily found. There are three major components such as data, user and system. These three components are interlinked with each other with two-way relationship. The system is a computer system and the software application loaded. The interfaces of search engine servers, the databases and the indexing mechanism, which include the stemming techniques etc, are associated in the system and i ts linked components. Similarly, user defines the search strategy (Herbach, 2001) and also gives the requirement for searching .The documents available in www apply subject indexing, ranking and clustering (Kleinberg,1999). The relevant matches easily found by comparison with field values of records. The involvement of relevance feedback technique can also be incorporated for efficient searching. And the data are a simple as documents in different formats use database, it terms of maintenance and retrieval of records but for the unstructured documents, it is difficult where we use text. Search engine developments are based primarily on the indexing range, which is assisted by www users in performing information retrieval task. The evaluation of efficient and intelligent studies have considered and an impact can be seen on system features (Kunchukuttan,2006), in particular those with which the user interacts for search assistance. The information retrieval system evaluation the compl ex environment, which measures of the utility and the usability of the search results of the system are required from a user perspective layout. The proposed model for a user-centered evaluation is based on a conceptual framework in which user-satisfaction is characterized on the variable dependent on system features and system functions. It will be simple for the database it terms of maintenance and retrieval of records but for the unstructured documents it is difficult where we use text. The same criteria for searching will give better matches and also better results. The different dimensions of IR have become vast because of different media, different types of search applications, and different tasks, which is not only a text, but also a web search as a central. The IR approaches to search and evaluation are appropriate in all media is an emerging issues of IR. The information retrieval is involved in the following tasks and sub tasks: 1) Ad-hoc search involve with the process where it generalizes the criteria and searches for all the records, which finds all the relevant documents for an arbitrary text query; 2) Filtering is an important process where the users identify the relevant user profiles for a new document. The user profile is maintained where the user can be identified with a profile and accordingly the relevant documents are categorized and displayed; 3) Classification is involved with respect to the identification and lies in the relevant list of the cl assification. This works in identifying the relevant labels for documents; 4) Question Answering Technique involves for the better judgment of the classification with the relevant questions automatically frames to generate the focus of the individuals. The tasks are described in the Figure 2. Figure 1.2: Proposed Model of Search Engine. The field of IR deals with the relevance, evaluation and interacts with the user to provide them according to their needs/query. IR involves in the effective ranking and testing. Also it measures of the data available for the retrieval. The relevant document contains the information that a person was looking for when they submitted a query to the search engine. There are many factors influence a persons to take the decision about the relevancy that may be task, context, novelty, and style. The topical relevance (same topic) and user relevance (everything else) are the dimensions, which help in the IR modeling. The retrieval models define a view of relevance. The user provides information that the system can use to modify its next search or next display. The relevance feedback is as to how much system understands the user in terms of what is the need, and also to know about the concept and terms related to the information needs. The retrieval uses the different techniques such as the web pages contains links to other pages and by analyzing this web graph structure it is possible to determine a more global notion of page quality. The remarkable successes in this area include the Page Rank algorithm (Tomlin, 2003), which globally analyzes the entire web graph and provided the original basis for ranking in the various search engines, and Kleinbergs hyperlink algorithm (Herbach, 2001, Kleinberg,1999), which analyzes a local neighborhood of the web graph containing an initial set of web pages matching the users query. Since that time, several other linked-based methods for ranking web pages have been proposed including variants of both PageRank and HITS (Kleinberg, 1999, Joachims, 2003), and this remains an active research area in which there is still much fertile research ground to be explored. This may refer to the recent work on Hub and researchers from where it identifies in the form of equilibrium for WWW sources on a common theme/topic in which we explicitly build into the model by taking care of the diversity of roles between the different types of pages (Herbach,2001) .Some pages are the prominent sources of primary data/content and are considered to be the authorities on the topic; other pages, equally essential to the structure, accumulate high-quality guides and resource lists that act as focused hubs, directing users to suggested authorities. The nature of the linkage in this framework is highly asymmetric. Hubs link heavily to authorities, and they may have very few incoming links linked to them, and the authorities are not link to other authorities. This is completely a suggested model (Herbach,2001), is completely natural; relatively anonymous individuals are creating many good hubs on the Web. A formal type of equilibrium consistent model can be defined only by assigning the weights to the two numbers called as a hub weight and an authority weight .The weights to each page are assigned in such a way that a pages authority weight is proportional to the sum of the hub weights of pages that link to it to maintain the balance and a pages hub weight is proportional to the sum of the authority weights of pages that it links to. The adversarial Classification (Sahami et al.,1998) may be dealing with Spam on the Web. One particularly interesting problem in web IR arises from the attempt by some commercial interests to excessively heighten the ranking of their web pages by engaging in various forms of spamming (Joachims, 2003). The SPAM methods can be effective against traditional IR ranking schemes that do not make use of link structure, but have more limited utility in the context of global link analysis. Realizing this, spammers now also utilize link spam where they will create large numbers of web pages that contain links to other pages whose rankings they wish to rise. The interesting technique applied will continually to the automatic filters. The spam filtering in email is very popular. This technique with concurrently involved the applying the indexes the documents. The current study will propose a hybrid semantic model where is a combination algorithm and the application used for the efficient and intelligent retrieval model. This will involve the different practices for the retrieval the system will be playing an important role. Further the tri-sectional considering system, document and user are identified by applying the Analytical Hierarchal process (AHP) model. This study will help to you carry out the algorithm, application and the models associated with them with respect to these components. 1.5. Organization of the thesis The thesis is organized into seven chapters including the present chapter which introduced IR problem, presented a brief review of the work done in the field and provided an overview of our work. An outline of the remaining chapters follows. The intelligent and efficient Information Retrieval needs to explain the data organization, the user prospects and also the user interface system study and its importance. The different tests for the present theoretical investigations are reported in the thesis, have been organized as follows: The understanding of the theoretical analysis of proposed methods to explain the various intelligent and efficient structural algorithm and application based approach; the techniques have been discussed in further consecutive chapters. Also, it is adequate to take a real scenario that the interaction mechanism between the layers of user and data are important to define the model with their properties. Briefly the remarkable success achieved from the present models has been given below. The understanding of basic parameters for efficient and intelligent retrieval needs the formulation of an effective and intelligent retrieval and this is outlined in Chapter II. To make information retrieval study successful, there is the need to prioritize their efforts in terms of user, system and data centric aspects, because of the range interactions they are effective up to the second-hierarchy. The forces occur between the layer itself and also by joining to the upper/lower layer within the system. A straightforward extension is possible since; these systems are open-ended and allow data and user to join them with internal requirements and for a complete collection of document/data etc. The effective parameters as relevancy, ranking and layout have been incorporated in the implementation of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) for analysis. In order to make the proposed work more revealing, the applicability of these parameters has been explored for the further focus on the proposed model to describe the interaction and interrelation between the data and user as presented in Chapter II. The research study provides a theoretical background of IR techniques, which helps in designing the retrieval model. The detailed study will be defined on the basic concept in establishing the relationship between the system and data primarily. There are different techniques that are based on this relationship/link to define the efficient data retrieval, which has been investigated, and results presented in Chapter III. The later part of this chapter explores Intelligent Data processing and analysis with respect to the intelligent data retrieval by using different techniques used for designing the retrieval model. The detailed study will define the basic concept in establishing the relationship between the system, user and data primarily. There are different techniques that are based on this relationship/link to define the intelligent data retrieval. This is very much dependent on the semantics of the individual layer as per user interest or taste. The links between the two objects is to change the strength of the object. The objects are powerful, based on incoming and outgoing link i.e. the popularity of the object. Based on strength, this object can be considered as highest ranked object and also relevant one. Effective interrelation is successful in explaining popularity of object with consistent behavior. Semantics annotation framework helps in intelligent retrieval by using natural semantics. The Vector Space Model and Latent Semantic Indexing techniques are theoretically analyzed in Chapter IV. The research used an effective inte

BLOOD AND BELONGING :: essays research papers fc

This is a critique of the book, Blood and Belonging, by Michael Ignatieff. This paper will explain the subject of the book and its relevance, discuss Michael Ignatieff's methods and conclusions on the subject and finally include a personal critique of the book by the author of this paper. The author of the book travels on what he terms "the six journeys." On these "journeys" he encounters different cultures, as he travels to six different coinciding areas of the world. He examines the unique expression of nationalism that each populace displays by interviewing various members of that particular society. The six areas that he travels to are specifically chosen for the clarity which nationalism is expressed in society. Nationalism is a factor contributing toward both present possible future instability in these areas. These areas are former Yugoslavia (specifically Croatia and Serbia), Germany, Ukraine, Quebec, Kurdistan and Northern Ireland. According to Ignatieff, in Croatia and Serbia there is a desire for a separate identity between the two nations. The fear of losing one's national identity has caused ethnic hatred. A terror so strong and historically persistent, it has driven people to a desperate state to do anything. This is a large contributor to the reasons for the extreme violence present there today. The author states, "A Croat, thus, is someone who is not a Serb. A Serb is someone who is not a Croat." This quotation profoundly expresses the short-sighted mentality present in their conflict. In his travels in Germany, the author points out an important question. Does the nation make the state, or the state the nation? This question by far does not stop here, especially when Germany is the subject. The essence of the German people is seen by some as aggressive and offensive, thus the existence of the German problem. If the nation makes the state then Germany will always be a threat. If the state makes the nation, then the aggressive nature of the German nation, which lead the world into two global wars, can be harnessed and redirected. The question has its roots and answers in the recent reunification of Germany. The Ukraine is concerned with not being Russian. It is here Ignatieff receives a complete vision of what nationalism is. He states, "I understand what nationalism really is: the dream that a whole nation could be like a congregation; singing the same hymns, listening to the

Live in the Present with Memories of the Past Essay

Human Society is a long period of building and developing. From the time man lived in dank caves to nowadays when he lives in such a modern life with a lot of excellent facilities. The modern life, the excellent facilities was not a present from god. It was made by people of all generations who always learned from the past and developed everything they had learned from it. Thus, I totally disagree with the statement above that learning about the past has no value. The first reason for this is that learning about the past brings us all the knowledge and information in the past. Without yesterday, there is no today. A society can develop only when its people inherit and understand the achievements of the precursors because the precursors’ achievements were the foundation for everything to develop.. For example, before 1964 there was only black-and-white television but until now there are kinds of colour televisions that are slim and innovative such as LCD TV†¦ The black-and-white television made the basis and gave inventors idea to develop the modern TV nowadays. Consequently our knowledge, success today is the result of constant work of our ancestors before. Secondly, learning about the past is very essential because it makes us doubt and take consideration into earlier assumptions. For that reason, people will find out mistakes that were made in the past. This will show us which roads not to ever go down again and put human in a right way to develop. Learning about the past is not only learning about the history but also is learning from our and the others’ mistakes. By this way of learning, people will become more and more experienced and never make the same mistakes again. Additionally, if learning about the past has no value, people in the world could speak, could write by themselves without learning from anyone. This is impossible so the value of the past, in this case are the parents, are undeniable. In a nutshell, the past is always a good teacher and we are still bad students who crave for knowledge. Denying the past also means that we are destroying the present and our future because no one can jump without ground to stand on.

Part Four Chapter VI

VI The next Parish Council meeting, the first since Barry had died, would be crucial in the ongoing battle over the Fields. Howard had refused to postpone the votes on the future of Bellchapel Addiction Clinic, or the town's wish to transfer jurisdiction of the estate to Yarvil. Parminder therefore suggested that she, Colin and Kay ought to meet up the evening before the meeting to discuss strategy. ‘Pagford can't unilaterally decide to alter the parish boundary, can it?' asked Kay. ‘No,' said Parminder patiently (Kay could not help being a newcomer), ‘but the District Council has asked for Pagford's opinion, and Howard's determined to make sure it's his opinion that gets passed on.' They were holding their meeting in the Walls' sitting room, because Tessa had put subtle pressure on Colin to invite the other two where she could listen in. Tessa handed around glasses of wine, put a large bowl of crisps on the coffee table, then sat back in silence, while the other three talked. She was exhausted and angry. The anonymous post about Colin had brought on one of his most debilitating attacks of acute anxiety, so severe that he had been unable to go to school. Parminder knew how ill he was – she had signed him off work – yet she invited him to participate in this pre-meeting, not caring, it seemed, what fresh effusions of paranoia and distress Tessa would have to deal with tonight. ‘There's definitely resentment out there about the way the Mollisons are handling things,' Colin was saying, in the lofty, knowledgeable tone he sometimes adopted when pretending to be a stranger to fear and paranoia. ‘I think it's starting to get up people's noses, the way they think that they can speak for the town. I've got that impression, you know, while I've been canvassing.' It would have been nice, thought Tessa bitterly, if Colin could have summoned these powers of dissimulation for her benefit occasionally. Once, long ago, she had liked being Colin's sole confidante, the only repository of his terrors and the font of all reassurance, but she no longer found it flattering. He had kept her awake from two o'clock until half-past three that morning, rocking backwards and forwards on the edge of the bed, moaning and crying, saying that he wished he were dead, that he could not take it, that he wished he had never stood for the seat, that he was ruined †¦ Tessa heard Fats on the stairs, and tensed, but her son passed the open door on his way to the kitchen with nothing worse than a scathing glance at Colin, who was perched in front of the fire on a leather pouffe, his knees level with his chest. ‘Maybe Miles' standing for the empty seat will really antagonize people – even the Mollisons' natural supporters?' said Kay hopefully. ‘I think it might,' said Colin, nodding. Kay turned to Parminder. ‘D'you think the council will really vote to force Bellchapel out of their building? I know people get uptight about discarded needles, and addicts hanging around the neighbourhood, but the clinic's miles away †¦ why does Pagford care?' ‘Howard and Aubrey are scratching each other's backs,' explained Parminder, whose face was taut, with dark brown patches under her eyes. (It was she who would have to attend the council meeting the next day, and fight Howard Mollison and his cronies without Barry by her side.) ‘They need to make cuts in spending at District level. If Howard turfs the clinic out of its cheap building, it'll be much more expensive to run and Fawley can say the costs have increased, and justify cutting council funding. Then Fawley will do his best to make sure that the Fields get reassigned to Yarvil.' Tired of explaining, Parminder pretended to examine the new stack of papers about Bellchapel that Kay had brought with her, easing herself out of the conversation. Why am I doing this? she asked herself. She could have been sitting at home with Vikram, who had been watching comedy on television with Jaswant and Rajpal as she left. The sound of their laughter had jarred on her; when had she last laughed? Why was she here, drinking nasty warm wine, fighting for a clinic that she would never need and a housing development inhabited by people she would probably dislike if she met them? She was not Bhai Kanhaiya, who could not see a difference between the souls of allies and enemies; she saw no light of God shining from Howard Mollison. She derived more pleasure from the thought of Howard losing, than from the thought of Fields children continuing to attend St Thomas's, or from Fields people being able to break their addictions at Bellchapel, although, in a distant and dispassionate way, she thought that these were good things †¦ (But she knew why she was doing it, really. She wanted to win for Barry. He had told her all about coming to St Thomas's. His classmates had invited him home to play; he, who had been living in a caravan with his mother and two brothers, had relished the neat and comfortable houses of Hope Street, and been awed by the big Victorian houses on Church Row. He had even attended a birthday party in that very cow-faced house that he had subsequently bought, and where he had raised his four children. He had fallen in love with Pagford, with the river and the fields and the solid-walled houses. He had fantasized about having a garden to play in, a tree from which to hang a swing, space and greenness everywhere. He had collected conkers and taken them back to the Fields. After shining at St Thomas's, top of his class, Barry had gone on to be the first in his family to go to university. Love and hate, Parminder thought, a little frightened by her own honesty. Love and hate, that's why I'm here †¦ ) She turned over a page of Kay's documents, feigning concentration. Kay was pleased that the doctor was scrutinizing her papers so carefully, because she had put a lot of time and thought into them. She could not believe that anybody reading her material would not be convinced that the Bellchapel clinic ought to remain in situ. But through all the statistics, the anonymous case studies and first-person testimonies, Kay really thought of the clinic in terms of only one patient: Terri Weedon. There had been a change in Terri, Kay could feel it, and it made her both proud and frightened. Terri was showing faint glimmerings of an awakened sense of control over her life. Twice lately, Terri had said to Kay, ‘They ain' takin' Robbie, I won' lerrem,' and these had not been impotent railings against fate, but statements of intent. ‘I took ‘im ter nursery yest'day,' she told Kay, who had made the mistake of looking astonished. ‘Why's tha' so fuckin' shockin'? Aren' I good enough ter go ter the fuckin' nurs'ry?' If Bellchapel's door was slammed shut against Terri, Kay was sure it would blow to pieces that delicate structure they were trying to build out of the wreckage of a life. Terri seemed to have a visceral fear of Pagford that Kay did not understand. ‘I ‘ate that fuckin' place,' she had said, when Kay had mentioned it in passing. Beyond the fact that her dead grandmother had lived there, Kay knew nothing of Terri's history with the town, but she was afraid that if Terri was asked to travel there weekly for her methadone her self-control would crumble, and with it the family's fragile new safety. Colin had taken over from Parminder, explaining the history of the Fields; Kay nodded, bored, and said ‘mm', but her thoughts were a long way away. Colin was deeply flattered by the way this attractive young woman was hanging on his every word. He felt calmer tonight than at any point since he had read that awful post, which was gone from the website. None of the cataclysms that Colin had imagined in the small hours had come to pass. He was not sacked. There was no angry mob outside his front door. Nobody on the Pagford Council website, or indeed anywhere else on the internet (he had performed several Google searches), was demanding his arrest or incarceration. Fats walked back past the open door, spooning yoghurt into his mouth as he went. He glanced into the room, and for a fleeting moment met Colin's gaze. Colin immediately lost the thread of what he had been saying. ‘†¦ and †¦ yes, well, that's it in a nutshell,' he finished lamely. He glanced towards Tessa for reassurance, but his wife was staring stonily into space. Colin was a little hurt; he would have thought that Tessa would be glad to see him feeling so much better, so much more in control, after their wretched, sleepless night. Dreadful swooping sensations of dread were agitating his stomach, but he drew much comfort from the proximity of his fellow underdog and scapegoat Parminder, and from the sympathetic attention of the attractive social worker. Unlike Kay, Tessa had listened to every word that Colin had just said about the Fields' right to remain joined to Pagford. There was, in her opinion, no conviction behind his words. He wanted to believe what Barry had believed, and he wanted to defeat the Mollisons, because that was what Barry had wanted. Colin did not like Krystal Weedon, but Barry had liked her, so he assumed that there was more worth in her than he could see. Tessa knew her husband to be a strange mixture of arrogance and humility, of unshakeable conviction and insecurity. They're completely deluded, Tessa thought, looking at the other three, who were poring over some graph that Parminder had extracted from Kay's notes. They think they'll reverse sixty years of anger and resentment with a few sheets of statistics. None of them was Barry. He had been a living example of what they proposed in theory: the advancement, through education from poverty to affluence, from powerlessness and dependency to valuable contributor to society. Did they not see what hopeless advocates they were, compared to the man who had died? ‘People are definitely getting irritable with the Mollisons trying to run everything,' Colin was saying. ‘I do think,' said Kay, ‘that they'll be hard-pushed, if they read this stuff, to pretend that the clinic isn't doing crucial work.' ‘Not everybody's forgotten Barry, on the council,' said Parminder, in a slightly shaky voice. Tessa realized that her greasy fingers were groping vainly in space. While the others had talked, she had single-handedly finished the entire bowl of crisps.